% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Osterode:456297,
      author       = {Osterode, Wolf and Falkenberg, Gerald and Regele, Heinz},
      title        = {{G}adolinium distribution in kidney tissue determined and
                      quantified by micro synchrotron {X}-ray fluorescence},
      journal      = {BioMetals},
      volume       = {34},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1572-8773},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-01448},
      pages        = {341 - 350},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {Waiting for fulltext},
      abstract     = {Aims of this study were to investigate gadolinium (Gd) in
                      kidney tissue from a female patient with severe renal
                      failure, who had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with
                      Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) three times prior to kidney
                      transplantation. Secondly to assess (semi-)quantitatively
                      the Gd concentration in renal tissue and the spatial
                      distribution of Gd in association to suspected co-elements
                      such as calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn). Archival paraffin
                      embedded kidney tissue was investigated by micro Synchrotron
                      X-ray fluorescence (µSRXRF) at the DORIS III storage ring
                      at beamline L, HASYLAB/DESY(Hamburg, Germany). Elementary
                      gadolinium (Gd) could be demonstrated in a near histological
                      resolution in areas of about 2 × 1.5 mm$^2$ of size.
                      Mean Gd resulted in 200 ppm with a huge width of
                      distribution (Gd-max: 2000 ppm). In kidney cortex Gd was
                      in-homogeneously, but not randomly, distributed. Gd was
                      verified throughout the investigated tissue. Low Gd was
                      predominately concentrated either in areas with focally
                      atrophic tubules or in areas with totally preserved
                      uriniferous tubes. Moreover, strong correlations existed
                      between Gd and calcium (Ca) or Gd and zinc (Zn) or Gd and
                      strontium (Sr) distribution. Throughout our analysed areas
                      copper (Cu) was nearly homogeneously distributed and Cu
                      association to Gd could not be established, and also not for
                      Gd to Fe. Gd in glomeruli was relatively reduced compared
                      with mean Gd-values, while iron (Fe) distribution clearly
                      demarks glomeruli mostly due to red blood cell iron in these
                      capillary convolutes. Quantitative µSRXRF analysis provided
                      an insight in element spatial distribution of Gd in the
                      renal cortex. The strong correlation of the spatial
                      distribution and associations between elements like Ca, Zn
                      and Sr let us suspect that these elements are involved in
                      the cell metabolism of GBCA. Low Gd in areas with extreme
                      fibrosis and tubule atrophy or in areas with histologically
                      intact tubes, let us suspect that on the one side Gd cannot
                      be transported and deposited into these tissue areas and on
                      the other side we assume that intact renal tubes do not
                      reabsorb and store excreted Gd.},
      cin          = {FS-PET-S},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-PET-S-20190712},
      pnm          = {633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure
                      and Function (POF4-633)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)D-L-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33486677},
      UT           = {WOS:000610479300002},
      doi          = {10.1007/s10534-020-00284-8},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/456297},
}