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@ARTICLE{Melke:456284,
      author       = {Melke, Julia and Martin, Julian and Bruns, Michael and
                      Hügenell, Philipp and Schökel, Alexander and Montoya
                      Isaza, Sebastian and Fink, Felix and Elsässer, Patrick and
                      Fischer, Anna},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating the {E}ffect of {M}icrostructure and
                      {S}urface {F}unctionalization of {M}esoporous {N}-{D}oped
                      {C}arbons on {V}$^{4+}$/{V}$^{5+}$ {K}inetics},
      journal      = {ACS applied energy materials},
      volume       = {3},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {2574-0962},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publications},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-01435},
      pages        = {11627 - 11640},
      year         = {2020},
      note         = {Waiting for fulltext},
      abstract     = {State-of-the-art electrode materials for all-vanadium redox
                      flow batteries are based on carbon. Unfortunately, the
                      impact of the carbon structure, i.e.,
                      microstructure/crystallinity, surface functional groups, and
                      porosity/morphology/surface area, on the electrochemical
                      performance is still unclear. This is due to the fact that
                      usually several structural characteristics are varied due to
                      synthesis or post-treatment procedures at the same time.
                      Therefore, this paper shows systematically how
                      microstructure, porosity, and surface functional groups vary
                      with carbonization and graphitization temperature (ranging
                      from 700 to 1500 °C) for a mesoporous N-doped carbon
                      (MPNC). Changes in the material’s structure (e.g.,
                      morphology, porosity, crystal structure, surface
                      functionalization), determined by scanning and transmission
                      electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (pair distribution
                      function analysis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
                      near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and
                      N2 sorption measurements, are correlated to changes in
                      wettability, conductivity, and electrochemical kinetics,
                      investigated by H$_2$O sorption measurements, cyclic
                      voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in
                      the VOV$^{2+}$ electrolyte, respectively. We found that the
                      kinetics of the VO$^{2+}$/VO$_2$$^{+}$ reaction increases
                      with an increase in sp$^{2}$-C content and therefore an
                      increase in crystallite size and conductivity of the
                      mesoporous N-doped carbon. Nevertheless, the largest current
                      for the VO$^{2+}$/VO$_2$$^{+}$ reaction for the same amount
                      of carbon during cyclic voltammetry is observed for the MPNC
                      carbonized at an intermediate temperature, 1000 °C, as a
                      result of its larger wettability and thus available surface
                      area compared to the MPNC carbonized at 1500 °C.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User / FS-PET-D},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-PET-D-20190712},
      pnm          = {6213 - Materials and Processes for Energy and Transport
                      Technologies (POF3-621) / 6G3 - PETRA III (POF3-622) / DFG
                      project 390951807 - EXC 2193: Lebende, adaptive und
                      energieautonome Materialsysteme (livMatS) (390951807)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G3 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)390951807},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P02.1-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000618839200015},
      doi          = {10.1021/acsaem.0c01489},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/456284},
}