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000454947 1001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1025177$$aDing, Thomas$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000454947 245__ $$aMeasuring the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses by transient absorption spectroscopy
000454947 260__ $$a[London]$$bNature Publishing Group UK$$c2021
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000454947 520__ $$aHigh-intensity ultrashort pulses at extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray photon energies, delivered by  state-of-the-art free-electron lasers (FELs), are revolutionizing the field of ultrafast spectroscopy. For crossing the next frontiers of research, precise, reliable and practical photonic tools for the spectro-temporal characterization of the pulses are becoming steadily more important. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a technique for the direct measurement of the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses based on fundamental nonlinear optics. It is implemented in XUV-only pump-probe transient-absorption geometry and provides in-situ information on the time-energy structure of FEL pulses. Using a rate-equation model for the time-dependent absorbance changes of anionized neon target, we show how the frequency chirp can be directly extracted and quantified from measured data. Since the method does not rely on an additional external field, we expect a widespread implementation at FELs benefiting multiple science fields by in-situ on-target measurement and optimization of FEL-pulse properties.
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000454947 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007806$$aRoling, Sebastian$$b15
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000454947 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007744$$aZacharias, Helmut$$b17
000454947 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1002687$$aDuesterer, Stefan$$b18
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000454947 7001_ $$00000-0003-1516-7519$$aCavaletto, Stefano M.$$b21
000454947 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1018108$$aOtt, Christian$$b22$$eCorresponding author
000454947 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1010834$$aPfeifer, Thomas$$b23$$eCorresponding author
000454947 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2553671-0$$a10.1038/s41467-020-20846-1$$gVol. 12, no. 1, p. 643$$n1$$p643 (1-7)$$tNature Communications$$v12$$x2041-1723$$y2021
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