% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Fallows:453988,
      author       = {Fallows, Richard A. and Forte, Biagio and Astin, Ivan and
                      Allbrook, Tom and Arnold, Alex and Wood, Alan and Dorrian,
                      Gareth and Mevius, Maaijke and Rothkaehl, Hanna and
                      Matyjasiak, Barbara and Krankowski, Andrzej and Anderson,
                      James M. and Asgekar, Ashish and Avruch, I. Max and Bentum,
                      Mark and Bisi, Mario M. and Butcher, Harvey R. and Ciardi,
                      Benedetta and Dabrowski, Bartosz and Damstra, Sieds and de
                      Gasperin, Francesco and Duscha, Sven and Eislöffel, Jochen
                      and Franzen, Thomas M. O. and Garrett, Michael A. and
                      Grießmeier, Jean-Matthias and Gunst, André W. and Hoeft,
                      Matthias and Hörandel, Jörg R. and Iacobelli, Marco and
                      Intema, Huib T. and Koopmans, Leon V. E. and Maat, Peter and
                      Mann, Gottfried and Nelles, Anna and Paas, Harm and Pandey,
                      Vishambhar N. and Reich, Wolfgang and Rowlinson, Antonia and
                      Ruiter, Mark and Schwarz, Dominik J. and Serylak, Maciej and
                      Shulevski, Aleksander and Smirnov, Oleg M. and Soida, Marian
                      and Steinmetz, Matthias and Thoudam, Satyendra and Toribio,
                      M. Carmen and van Ardenne, Arnold and van Bemmel, Ilse M.
                      and van der Wiel, Matthijs H. D. and van Haarlem, Michiel P.
                      and Vermeulen, René C. and Vocks, Christian and Wijers,
                      Ralph A. M. J. and Wucknitz, Olaf and Zarka, Philippe and
                      Zucca, Pietro},
      title        = {{A} {LOFAR} observation of ionospheric scintillation from
                      two simultaneous travelling ionospheric disturbances},
      journal      = {Journal of space weather and space climate},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {2115-7251},
      address      = {Les Ulis},
      publisher    = {EDP Sciences},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-00345},
      pages        = {10},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {This paper presents the results from one of the first
                      observations of ionospheric scintillation taken using the
                      Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR). The observation was of the
                      strong natural radio source Cassiopeia A, taken overnight on
                      18–19 August 2013, and exhibited moderately strong
                      scattering effects in dynamic spectra of intensity received
                      across an observing bandwidth of 10–80 MHz. Delay-Doppler
                      spectra (the 2-D FFT of the dynamic spectrum) from the first
                      hour of observation showed two discrete parabolic arcs, one
                      with a steep curvature and the other shallow, which can be
                      used to provide estimates of the distance to, and velocity
                      of, the scattering plasma. A cross-correlation analysis of
                      data received by the dense array of stations in the LOFAR
                      “core” reveals two different velocities in the
                      scintillation pattern: a primary velocity of ~20–40
                      ms$^{−1}$ with a north-west to south-east direction,
                      associated with the steep parabolic arc and a scattering
                      altitude in the F-region or higher, and a secondary velocity
                      of ~110 ms$^{−1}$ with a north-east to south-west
                      direction, associated with the shallow arc and a scattering
                      altitude in the D-region. Geomagnetic activity was low in
                      the mid-latitudes at the time, but a weak sub-storm at high
                      latitudes reached its peak at the start of the observation.
                      An analysis of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
                      and ionosonde data from the time reveals a larger-scale
                      travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID), possibly the
                      result of the high-latitude activity, travelling in the
                      north-west to south-east direction, and, simultaneously, a
                      smaller-scale TID travelling in a north-east to south-west
                      direction, which could be associated with atmospheric
                      gravity wave activity. The LOFAR observation shows
                      scattering from both TIDs, at different altitudes and
                      propagating in different directions. To the best of our
                      knowledge this is the first time that such a phenomenon has
                      been reported.},
      cin          = {HUB / Z-RAD},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HUB-20140108 / I:(DE-H253)Z-RAD-20210408},
      pnm          = {613 - Matter and Radiation from the Universe (POF3-613)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-613},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)External-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000521497500001},
      doi          = {10.1051/swsc/2020010},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/453988},
}