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@ARTICLE{Byrnes:453944,
      author       = {Byrnes, Ian and Lind, Ole Christian and Hansen, Elisabeth
                      Lindbo and Janssens, Koen and Salbu, Brit},
      title        = {{C}haracterization of radioactive particles from the
                      {D}ounreay nuclear reprocessing facility},
      journal      = {The science of the total environment},
      volume       = {727},
      issn         = {0048-9697},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2021-00301},
      pages        = {138488 (1-12)},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Radioactive particles originating from nuclear fuel
                      reprocessing at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority's
                      Dounreay Facility were inadvertently released to the
                      environment in the late 1950s to 1970s and have subsequently
                      been found on site grounds and local beaches. Previous
                      assessments of risk associated with encountering a particle
                      have been based on conservative assumptions related to
                      particle composition and speciation. To reduce uncertainties
                      associated with environmental impact assessments from
                      Dounreay particles, further characterization is
                      relevant.Results of particles available for this study
                      showed variation between Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR) and
                      Materials Test Reactor (MTR) particles, reflecting
                      differences in fuel design, release scenarios, and
                      subsequent environmental influence. Analyses of DFR
                      particles showed they are small (100–300 μm) and contain
                      spatially correlated U and Nb. Molybdenum, part of the DFR
                      fuel, was identified at atomic concentrations below $1\%.$
                      Based on SR-based micrometer-scale X-ray Absorption Near
                      Edge Structure spectroscopy (μ-XANES), U may be present as
                      U(IV), and, based on a measured Nb/U atom ratio of ~2,
                      stoichiometric considerations are commensurable with the
                      presence of UNb$_2$O$_7$. The MTR particles were larger
                      (740–2000 μm) and contained U and Al inhomogeneously
                      distributed. Neodymium (Nd) was identified in atomic
                      concentrations of around 1–2\%, suggesting it was part of
                      the fuel design. The presence of U(IV) in MTR particles, as
                      indicated by μ-XANES analysis, may be related to oxidation
                      of particle surfaces, as could be expected due to corrosion
                      of UAl$_x$ fuel particles in air. High $^{235}$U/$^{238}$U
                      atom ratios in individual DFR (3.2 ± 0.8) and MTR (2.6 ±
                      0.4) particles reflected the presence of highly enriched
                      uranium. The DFR particles featured lower $^{137}$Cs
                      activity levels (2.00–9.58 kBq/particle) than the MTR
                      (43.2–641 kBq $^{137}$Cs/particle) particles. The
                      activities of the dose contributing radionuclides
                      $^{90}$Sr/$^{90}$Y were proportional to $^{137}$Cs
                      ($^{90}$Sr/$^{137}$s activity ratio ≈ 0.8) and particle
                      activities were roughly proportional to the size. Based on
                      direct beta measurements, gamma spectrometry, and the
                      VARSKIN6 model, contact dose rates were calculated to be
                      approximately 74 mGy/h for the highest activity MTR
                      particle, in agreement with previously published estimates.},
      cin          = {DOOR ; HAS-User},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF3-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-899},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)D-L-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32339828},
      UT           = {WOS:000537414400014},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138488},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/453944},
}