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@ARTICLE{Ye:402163,
      author       = {Ye, Hong and Trippel, Sebastian and Di Fraia, Michele and
                      Fallahi, Arya and Mücke, Oliver D. and Kärtner, Franz X.
                      and Küpper, Jochen},
      title        = {{V}elocity-{M}ap {I}maging for {E}mittance
                      {C}haracterization of {M}ultiphoton {E}lectron {E}mission
                      from a {G}old {S}urface},
      journal      = {Physical review applied},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2331-7019},
      address      = {College Park, Md. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {American Physical Society},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2018-01720},
      pages        = {044018},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A velocity-map-imaging spectrometer is demonstrated to
                      characterize the normalized emittance (root-mean-square,
                      rms) of photoemitted electron bunches. Both the
                      two-dimensional spatial distribution and the projected
                      velocity distribution images of photoemitted electrons are
                      recorded by the detection system and analyzed to obtain the
                      normalized emittance (rms). With the presented distribution
                      function of the electron photoemission angles, a
                      mathematical method is implemented to reconstruct the
                      three-dimensional velocity distribution. As a first example,
                      multiphoton emission from a planar Au surface is studied via
                      irradiation at a glancing angle by intense 45-fs laser
                      pulses at a central wavelength of 800 nm. The reconstructed
                      energy distribution agrees very well with the
                      Berglund-Spicer theory of photoemission. The normalized
                      emittance (rms) of the intrinsic electron bunch is
                      characterized to be 128 and 14 nm rad in the X and Y
                      directions, respectively. The demonstrated imaging
                      spectrometer has the ability to characterize the normalized
                      emittance (rms) in a few minutes with a fine energy
                      resolution of 0.2 meV in the image center and will, thereby,
                      foster the further development of x-ray free-electron-laser
                      injectors and ultrafast electron diffraction, and it opens
                      up opportunities for studying correlated electron emission
                      from surfaces and vacuum nanoelectronic devices.},
      cin          = {CFEL-UFOX / FS-CFEL-2 / FS-CFEL-CMI / UNI/EXP / UNI/CUI},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)CFEL-UFOX-20160927 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-CFEL-2-20120731 /
                      I:(DE-H253)FS-CFEL-CMI-20220405 /
                      $I:(DE-H253)UNI_EXP-20120731$ /
                      $I:(DE-H253)UNI_CUI-20121230$},
      pnm          = {6211 - Extreme States of Matter: From Cold Ions to Hot
                      Plasmas (POF3-621) / CUI - Hamburger Zentrum für
                      ultraschnelle Beobachtung (194651731) / DFG project
                      281310551 - SOLSTICE - Festkörper in starken terahertz und
                      infrarotenTräger-Einhüllende phasenstabilen Wellenformen
                      (281310551) / ACHIP - Laser Accelerators on a Chip
                      $(ACHIP_2015-10-01)$ / AXSIS - Frontiers in Attosecond X-ray
                      Science: Imaging and Spectroscopy (609920) / COMOTION -
                      Controlling the Motion of Complex Molecules and Particles
                      (614507)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6211 / G:(GEPRIS)194651731 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)281310551 / $G:(DE-HGF)ACHIP_2015-10-01$ /
                      G:(EU-Grant)609920 / G:(EU-Grant)614507},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)CFEL-Exp-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000429779300002},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.9.044018},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/402163},
}