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@ARTICLE{Schwartzkopf:292942,
      author       = {Schwartzkopf, Matthias and Santoro, Gonzalo and Brett,
                      Calvin and Rothkirch, André and Polonskyi, Oleksandr and
                      Hinz, Alexander and Metwalli, Ezzeldin and Yao, Yuan and
                      Strunskus, Thomas and Faupel, Franz and Müller-Buschbaum,
                      Peter and Roth, Stephan V.},
      title        = {{R}eal-{T}ime {M}onitoring of {M}orphology and {O}ptical
                      {P}roperties during {S}putter {D}eposition for {T}ailoring
                      {M}etal–{P}olymer {I}nterfaces},
      journal      = {ACS applied materials $\&$ interfaces},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {24},
      issn         = {1944-8252},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2016-00172},
      pages        = {13547 - 13556},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The reproducible low-cost fabrication of functional
                      metal–polymer nanocomposites with tailored optoelectronic
                      properties for advanced applications remains a major
                      challenge in applied nanotechnology. To obtain full control
                      over the nanostructural evolution at the metal–polymer
                      interface and its impact on optoelectronic properties, we
                      employed combined in situ time-resolved microfocus grazing
                      incidence small angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS) with in
                      situ UV/vis specular reflectance spectroscopy (SRS) during
                      sputter deposition of gold on thin polystyrene films. On the
                      basis of the temporal evolution of the key scattering
                      features in the real-time μGISAXS experiment, we directly
                      observed four different growth regimes: nucleation, isolated
                      island growth, growth of larger aggregates via partial
                      coalescence, and continuous layer growth. Moreover, their
                      individual thresholds were identified with subnanometer
                      resolution and correlated to the changes in optical
                      properties. During sputter deposition, a change in optical
                      reflectivity of the pristine gray-blue PS film was observed
                      ranging from dark blue color due to the presence of isolated
                      nanoclusters at the interface to bright red color from
                      larger Au aggregates. We used simplified geometrical
                      assumptions to model the evolution of average real space
                      parameters (distance, size, density, contact angle) in
                      excellent agreement with the qualitative observation of key
                      scattering features. A decrease of contact angles was
                      observed during the island-to-percolation transition and
                      confirmed by simulations. Furthermore, a surface diffusion
                      coefficient according to the kinetic freezing model and
                      interfacial energy of Au on PS at room temperature were
                      calculated based on a real-time experiment. The
                      morphological characterization is complemented by X-ray
                      reflectivity, optical, and electron microscopy. Our study
                      permits a better understanding of the growth kinetics of
                      gold clusters and their self-organization into complex
                      nanostructures on polymer substrates. It opens up the
                      opportunity to improve nanofabrication and tailoring of
                      metal–polymer nanostructures for optoelectronic
                      applications, organic photovoltaics, and plasmonic-enhanced
                      technologies.},
      cin          = {FS-PE},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-PE-20120731},
      pnm          = {6214 - Nanoscience and Materials for Information Technology
                      (POF3-621) / 6G3 - PETRA III (POF3-622) / RO4638/1-1 -
                      In-situ Untersuchungen zu Kondensation, Nukleation und
                      Wachstum von Metallfilmen und Nanostrukturen auf organischen
                      Oberflächen während Sputterbeschichtung (238058777)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6214 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G3 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)238058777},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P03-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000357063200051},
      pubmed       = {pmid:26030314},
      doi          = {10.1021/acsami.5b02901},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/292942},
}