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000206556 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHelml, W.$$b0
000206556 245__ $$aMeasuring the temporal structure of few-femtosecond free-electron laser X-ray pulses directly in the time domain
000206556 260__ $$aLondon [u.a.]$$bNature Publ. Group$$c2014
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000206556 520__ $$aShort-wavelength free-electron lasers are now well established as essential and unrivalled sources of ultrabright coherent X-ray radiation. One of the key characteristics of these intense X-ray pulses is their expected few-femtosecond duration. No measurement has succeeded so far in directly determining the temporal structure or even the duration of these ultrashort pulses in the few-femtosecond range. Here, by deploying the so-called streaking spectroscopy technique at the Linac Coherent Light Source, we demonstrate a non-invasive scheme for temporal characterization of X-ray pulses with sub-femtosecond resolution. This method is independent of photon energy, decoupled from machine parameters, and provides an upper bound on the X-ray pulse duration. We measured the duration of the shortest X-ray pulses currently available to be on average no longer than 4.4 fs. Analysing the pulse substructure indicates a small percentage of the free-electron laser pulses consisting of individual high-intensity spikes to be on the order of hundreds of attoseconds.
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000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMaier, A. R.$$b1
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSchweinberger, W.$$b2
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGrguraš, I.$$b3
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRadcliffe, P.$$b4
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDoumy, G.$$b5
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRoedig, C.$$b6
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGagnon, J.$$b7
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1005807$$aMesserschmidt, M.$$b8
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSchorb, S.$$b9
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBostedt, C.$$b10
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGrüner, F.$$b11
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDiMauro, L. F.$$b12
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCubaynes, D.$$b13
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBozek, J. D.$$b14
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1001329$$aTschentscher, Thomas$$b15
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCostello, J. T.$$b16
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1007732$$aMeyer, Michael$$b17
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCoffee, R.$$b18
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-H253)PIP1002687$$aDuesterer, Stefan$$b19
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCavalieri, A. L.$$b20
000206556 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKienberger, R.$$b21$$eCorresponding author
000206556 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2264673-5$$a10.1038/nphoton.2014.278$$gVol. 8, no. 12, p. 950 - 957$$n12$$p950 - 957$$tNature photonics$$v8$$x1749-4893$$y20142014
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