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@INPROCEEDINGS{Appel:205325,
      author       = {Appel, Karen and Borchert, Manuela and Morgenroth, Wolfgang
                      and Nakatsutsumi, Motoaki and Petitgirard, Sylvain and
                      Priebe, Gerd and Tschentscher, Thomas and Wilke, Max},
      title        = {{N}ew {P}erspectives for {L}ower {M}antle {R}eaction
                      {M}echanism {R}esearch using {M}odern {X}-{R}ay {S}ources},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2014-04726},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Chemical composition of the Earth's mantle phases have a
                      major effect on their stabilities and consequently on their
                      reactions. Especially concerning light elements and trace
                      elements, compositions of phases in the lower mantle remain
                      basically unknown because the phases are not accessible and
                      cannot be studied directly. In order to betterlearn about
                      reactions of mantle phases, related redistribution processes
                      of elements and the resulting properties of the mantle,
                      mantle phases have been studied by in-situ methods.Within
                      the past years, laser-heated diamond anvil cells have been
                      combined with synchrotron radiation induced methods to study
                      chemical reactions by in-situ x-ray fluorescence analysis
                      and combined x-ray diffraction (XRD) (Petitgirard et al.,
                      2012). Synchrotron radiation provides sufficiently small
                      spot sizes, hard x-rays and a high sensitivity.Chemical and
                      structural information were obtained at temperatures of up
                      to 4200 K and pressures up to 130 GPa. First time-resolved
                      measurements have been made with the objective to follow
                      reaction mechanisms. For XRD, a time-resolution of msec
                      could be achieved by single shot pulsed laser heating
                      (Goncharov et al., 2011), while for insituXRF studies, the
                      time-resolution is currently limited to the sec regime. It
                      is either limited by detector speed or sensitivity or
                      both.An alternative method to study reactions of lower
                      mantle phases are laser-driven shock and ramp compression
                      experiments. The samples are generally pumped with an
                      long-pulse optical laser and then probed with an x-ray
                      source at a delayed period. Combined with x-ray free
                      electron lasers as a probe beam, these experiments offer the
                      uniquepossibility to study reactions at a rate of up to MHz
                      due to the x-ray timing structure and the increased number
                      of photons. The High Energy Density science instrument at
                      the European XFEL (HED) will provide unique possibilities
                      for research at extreme states of matter. The instrument is
                      one of the six baseline instruments at the European XFEL
                      andwill start user operation in the second half 2017.In this
                      presentation, we will show results from in-situ experiments
                      at conditions in the lower mantle at currently available
                      sources and discuss the persectives to study reaction
                      mechanisms at such conditions at the upcoming HED
                      instrument.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2014-09-21},
      organization  = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen
                       Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Jena
                       (Germany), 21 Sep 2014 - 24 Sep 2014},
      cin          = {Eur.XFEL},
      cid          = {$I:(DE-H253)Eur_XFEL-20120731$},
      pnm          = {Experiments at XFEL (POF2-54G17) / PETRA Beamline P02.2
                      (POF2-54G14)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-H253)POF2-XFEL-Exp.-20130405 /
                      G:(DE-H253)POF2-P02.2-20140410},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)XFEL-Exp-20150101 /
                      EXP:(DE-H253)P-P02.2-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/205325},
}