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@ARTICLE{Chaturvedi:172563,
      author       = {Chaturvedi, Smita and Sarkar, Indranil and Shirolkar,
                      Mandar M. and Jeng, U-Ser and Yeh, Yi-Qi and Rajendra,
                      Ranguwar and Ballav, Nirmalya and Kulkarni, Sulabha},
      title        = {{P}robing bismuth ferrite nanoparticles by hard {X}-ray
                      photoemission: {A}nomalous occurrence of metallic bismuth},
      journal      = {Applied physics letters},
      volume       = {105},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1077-3118},
      address      = {Melville, NY},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2014-03799},
      pages        = {102910},
      year         = {2014},
      note         = {OA},
      abstract     = {We have investigated bismuth ferrite nanoparticles
                      (∼75 nm and ∼155 nm) synthesized by a chemical
                      method, using soft X-ray (1253.6 eV) and hard X-ray (3500,
                      5500, and 7500 eV) photoelectron spectroscopy. This
                      provided an evidence for the variation of chemical state of
                      bismuth in crystalline, phase pure nanoparticles. X-ray
                      photoelectron spectroscopy analysis using Mg Kα
                      (1253.6 eV) source showed that iron and bismuth were
                      present in both Fe3+ and Bi3+ valence states as expected for
                      bismuth ferrite. However, hard X-ray photoelectron
                      spectroscopy analysis of the bismuth ferrite nanoparticles
                      using variable photon energies unexpectedly showed the
                      presence of Bi0 valence state below the surface region,
                      indicating that bismuth ferrite nanoparticles are chemically
                      inhomogeneous in the radial direction. Consistently,
                      small-angle X-ray scattering reveals a core-shell structure
                      for these radial inhomogeneous nanoparticles.},
      cin          = {FS-PEX},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-PEX-20130206},
      pnm          = {PETRA Beamline P09 (POF2-54G14) / INDIA-DESY - INDIA-DESY
                      Collaboration $(2020_Join2-INDIA-DESY)$},
      pid          = {G:(DE-H253)POF2-P09-20130405 /
                      $G:(DE-HGF)2020_Join2-INDIA-DESY$},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P09-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000342758700057},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.4895672},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/172563},
}