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@INPROCEEDINGS{Hammel:167812,
      author       = {Hammel, Joerg and Jahn, Henry and Zade, Stefanie and
                      Herzen, Julia and Beckmann, Felix and Kaandorp, Jaap and
                      Nickel, Michael},
      title        = {{F}luid dynamics and flow in leucon-type sponge canal
                      systems: {I}nsights from the freshwater sponge
                      $\textit{{S}pongilla lacustris}$},
      reportid     = {DESY-2014-02138},
      year         = {2013},
      abstract     = {As sessile filter feeding animals sponges (Porifera) rely
                      on highly efficient fluid transport systems to keep energy
                      expenditure low. As a consequence of the high complexity of
                      the canal system network in leucon-type aquiferous systems
                      only limited data on flow velocities and transport rates are
                      available to date. Obtaining unaltered experimental
                      measurements from internal parts of the canal system is
                      almost impossible. Therefore data for e.g. choanocytes or
                      canal segments of different hierarchical levels are mainly
                      based on theoretical assumptions. This is mainly due to the
                      limited availability of morphometric and quantitative data
                      on canal system architecture. In our study we used the fresh
                      water sponge Spongilla lacustris which as a juvenile is an
                      ideal model system to study flow in sponge. Due to its
                      transparency flow velocities can be determined
                      experimentally inside canals near the surface and at the
                      osculum. The limited architectural complexity and small body
                      size enables the extraction of 3D canal system models from
                      single specimens based on SR-µCT data. Flow through the
                      canal system was studied using a finite element modeling
                      approach. In order to calibrate our model and verify the
                      results of our modeling approach we conducted flow velocity
                      measurements by particle tracking velocimetry on 10 – 14 d
                      old hatched specimens. In order to measure flow in canal
                      segments of the incurrent and excurrent canal system we used
                      sandwich cultures of S. lacustris. Observed flow velocities
                      in canal segments of different hierarchical orders within
                      the excurrent canal system were lower in our simulations
                      than predicted based on calculations from a unidirectional
                      strictly hierarchical model of flow for sponges. Flow
                      velocities ranged from ~ 0.02 mm/s to ~ 0.1 mm/s over the
                      entire range of canal segment sizes. Only within the osculum
                      the flow accelerates to a maximum outflow velocity between
                      0.7 mm/s to 1.1 mm/s. The slow increase in flow velocity
                      within the excurrent canal system differ from previous
                      observations in other sponges, e.g. Haliclona species which
                      reported much higher and faster increasing flow velocities
                      towards the osculum. In case of juvenile S. lacustris this
                      is a consequence of the aquiferous system architecture which
                      displays a compensating increase in available canal volume.},
      month         = {Nov},
      date          = {2013-11-04},
      organization  = {IX. World Sponge Conference, Fremantle
                       (Australia), 4 Nov 2013 - 8 Nov 2013},
      cin          = {DOOR / HZG},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)HAS-User-20120731 / I:(DE-H253)HZG-20120731},
      pnm          = {PETRA Beamline P05 (POF2-54G14) / DORIS Beamline W2
                      (POF2-54G13) / DORIS Beamline BW2 (POF2-54G13) /
                      FS-Proposal: I-20110915 (I-20110915) / FS-Proposal:
                      I-20100327 (I-20100327) / FS-Proposal: I-20120218
                      (I-20120218)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-H253)POF2-P05-20130405 / G:(DE-H253)POF2-W2-20130405
                      / G:(DE-H253)POF2-BW2-20130405 / G:(DE-H253)I-20110915 /
                      G:(DE-H253)I-20100327 / G:(DE-H253)I-20120218},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P05-20150101 / EXP:(DE-H253)D-W2-20150101 /
                      EXP:(DE-H253)D-BW2-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/167812},
}