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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are uniquely rich in the type 1 building block disaccharide lacto-N-biose I (LNB; Galβ1,3GlcNAc), as compared to other mammals. Most HMOs are fucosylated, for example, α1,2 and α1,4 fucosylations on LNB blocks, resulting in H type 1 (H1) and Lewis a (Lea) epitopes, respectively. [...]

INTRODUCTIONMutant RAS is the primary oncogenic driver in RAS-addicted cancers. RAS proteins act as molecular switches that cycle between a guanosine triphosphate–bound “ON” state and a guanosine diphosphate–bound “OFF” state. [...]

Itaconic acid belongs to the high-value precursors for the production of biomass-based industrial compounds. It originates from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and depending on the organism, it is produced by different biosynthetic routes. [...]

The assembly of ribosomal subunits, primarily occurring in the nucleolar and nuclear compartments, is a highly complex process crucial for cellular function. This study reveals the conservation of ribosome biogenesis between yeast and humans, illustrated by the structural similarities of ribosomal subunit intermediates. [...]

In plants, jasmonate signaling is a hub integrating environmental cues with growth and development. Due to its role in balancing defense responses against pathogens, it is a target of effector proteins from various pathogens. [...]

Photorhabdus laumondii is a well-known bacterium with a complex life cycle involving mutualism with nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis and pathogenicity towards insect hosts. It provides an excellent model for studying the diverse roles of lectins, saccharide-binding proteins, in both symbiosis and pathogenicity. [...]

[FeFe]-hydrogenases catalyze the reversible two-electron reduction of two protons to molecular hydrogen. Although these enzymes are among the most efficient H2-converting biocatalysts in nature, their catalytic cofactor (termed H-cluster) is irreversibly destroyed upon contact with dioxygen. [...]

Protein complexes composed of strictly essential subunits are abundant in nature and often arise through the gradual complexification of ancestral precursor proteins. Essentiality can arise through the accumulation of changes that are tolerated in the complex state but would be deleterious for the standalone complex components. [...]

Botulinum neurotoxins are the causative agents of botulism, a lethal paralytic disease, but are also one of the most commonly used therapeutics for the treatment of numerous neuromuscular conditions. These toxins recognise motor nerve terminals with high specificity and affinity by using a dual binding mechanism involving gangliosides and protein receptors. [...]

Membrane contact sites are hubs for interorganellar lipid transport within eukaryotic cells. As a principal tether bridging the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein IST2 has a major role during lipid transport between both compartments. [...]