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@ARTICLE{Taylor:625895,
      author       = {Taylor, Zane and Reddy, Tharun and Fang, Lichao and
                      Oppermann, Patrick and Kramer, Patrick L. and Decker,
                      Franz-Josef and Seaberg, Matthew and Chollet, Matthieu and
                      van Driel, Tim and Halavanau, Alex and Hart, Philip and
                      Dayton, Matthew and Seiboth, Frank and Wang, Wenxin and Gee,
                      Carolyn and Wilson, Abigail and Margraf-O'Neal, Rachel and
                      Chatterjee, Gourab and Chen, Ying and Molesky, Ilana J. P.
                      and Wang, Yifan and Irvine, Sara and Stanton, Jade and
                      Melendrez, Cynthia and Banta, Kelsey and Nelson, Silke and
                      Thampy, Vivek and Katagiri, Kento and Haubro, Morten and
                      Liu, Sen and Pal, Dayeeta and Moghimi, Lauren and Tassone,
                      Christopher and Dresselhaus-Marais, Leora},
      title        = {{H}igh-resolution in situ characterization of laser powder
                      bed fusion via transmission {X}-ray microscopy at {X}-ray
                      free-electron lasers},
      journal      = {Journal of synchrotron radiation},
      volume       = {32},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {0909-0495},
      address      = {Chester},
      publisher    = {IUCr},
      reportid     = {PUBDB-2025-01220},
      pages        = {524 - 533},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {In this work, we describe the instrumentation used to
                      perform the first operando transmission X-ray microscopy
                      (TXM) and simultaneous X-ray diffraction of laser melting
                      simulating laser powder bed fusion on the XCS instrument at
                      the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free-electron
                      laser (XFEL). Our TXM with 40× magnification in the X-ray
                      regime at 11 keV gave spatial resolutions down to 940 nm
                      per line pair, with effective pixel sizes down to 206 nm,
                      image integration times of <100 fs, and frame rates
                      tunable between 2.1 and 119 ns for two probe frames
                      (0.48 GHz to 8.4 MHz). Images were recorded on Zyla and
                      Icarus (UXI) detectors to trade off between spatial
                      resolution and time dynamics. A 1 kW CW IR laser was
                      coupled into the interaction point to conduct pump–probe
                      studies of laser melting and solidification dynamics. Our
                      temporal and spatial resolution with attenuation-based
                      contrast exceeds that currently possible with
                      synchrotron-based high-speed radiography. This system was
                      sensitive to feature velocities of 10–12000 m s$^
                      {−1}$ but we did not observe any motion in this range in
                      the laser melting of Al6061 alloy. Shockwaves were not
                      observed and hot cracking proceeded at velocities below the
                      detection limits. Pore accumulation was observed between
                      successive shots, indicating that bubble escape mechanisms
                      were not active. With proper experimental design, the
                      spatial resolution, contrast and field of view could be
                      further improved or modified. The increased brightness and
                      narrower bandwidth of the XFEL allowed for this imaging
                      technique and it lays the groundwork for a wide range of
                      operando techniques to study additive manufacturing.},
      cin          = {FS-PETRA},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-H253)FS-PETRA-20140814},
      pnm          = {632 - Materials – Quantum, Complex and Functional
                      Materials (POF4-632)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)External-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40167485},
      UT           = {WOS:001486450700002},
      doi          = {10.1107/S1600577525001675},
      url          = {https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/625895},
}